BAKER HUGHES INC | 2013 | FY | 3


GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are detailed below by segment.

 
North
America
 
Latin
America
 
Europe/
Africa/
Russia
Caspian
 
Middle
East/
Asia
Pacific
 
Industrial
Services
 
Total Goodwill
Balance at December 31, 2012
$
3,069

 
$
586

 
$
1,018

 
$
852

 
$
433

 
$
5,958

Acquisitions and other
(4
)
 
1

 
12

 

 
(1
)
 
8

Balance at December 31, 2013
$
3,065

 
$
587

 
$
1,030

 
$
852

 
$
432

 
$
5,966


We perform an annual impairment test of goodwill as of October 1 of every year. There were no impairments of goodwill in any of the three years ended December 31, 2013 related to the annual impairment test.
Intangible assets are comprised of the following at December 31:

 
2013
 
2012
  
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Less:
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Less:
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Technology
$
814

 
$
337

 
$
477

 
$
787

 
$
282

 
$
505

Customer relationships
494

 
157

 
337

 
494

 
117

 
377

Trade names
120

 
82

 
38

 
121

 
60

 
61

Other (1)
43

 
12

 
31

 
60

 
10

 
50

Total intangibles
$
1,471

 
$
588

 
$
883

 
$
1,462

 
$
469

 
$
993


(1) 
Includes indefinite-lived intangibles of $27 million and $44 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, related to in-process research and development projects.
During 2011, we recognized impairments of certain trade names, the majority of which related to the impairment of the BJ Services trade name. As a result, we recorded a charge of $315 million before-tax ($220 million net of tax) in net income. The BJ Services trade name was classified as an indefinite lived intangible asset and, therefore, was not being amortized. The impairment of the BJ Services trade name was due to the decision to minimize the use of the BJ Services trade name as part of our overall branding strategy. The BJ Services trade name was revalued resulting in a revised fair value of $61 million, with a remaining useful life of 3 years, which we began amortizing in 2012 on an accelerated basis.
The following table details the impairment charge by segment:

 
2011
North America
$
105

Latin America
64

Europe/Africa/Russia Caspian
48

Middle East/Asia Pacific
47

Industrial Services
51

Total
$
315


Intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis with estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 30 years. Amortization expense included in net income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $119 million, $140 million and $96 million, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for each of the subsequent five fiscal years is expected to be as follows:

Year
Estimated Amortization Expense
2014
104

2015
97

2016
95

2017
92

2018
86


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