Schedule of goodwill | Changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill were as follows (in millions): | | | | | | | | | | During the years ended December 31, | | 2016 | | 2015 | Beginning balance | $ | 14,787 |
| | $ | 14,788 |
| Goodwill related to acquisitions of businesses (1) | 2 |
| | 108 |
| Currency translation adjustments | (38 | ) | | (109 | ) | Ending balance | $ | 14,751 |
| | $ | 14,787 |
|
| | (1) | Consists of goodwill recognized on the acquisition dates of business combinations and subsequent adjustments to these amounts resulting from changes to the acquisition date fair values of net assets acquired in the business combinations recorded during their respective measurement periods. |
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Schedule of identifiable intangible assets | Identifiable intangible assets consisted of the following (in millions): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Gross carrying amount | | Accumulated amortization | | Intangible assets, net | | Gross carrying amount | | Accumulated amortization | | Intangible assets, net | Finite-lived intangible assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | Developed product technology rights | $ | 12,534 |
| | $ | (5,947 | ) | | $ | 6,587 |
| | $ | 12,310 |
| | $ | (4,996 | ) | | $ | 7,314 |
| Licensing rights | 3,275 |
| | (1,300 | ) | | 1,975 |
| | 3,275 |
| | (998 | ) | | 2,277 |
| Marketing-related rights | 1,333 |
| | (793 | ) | | 540 |
| | 1,186 |
| | (650 | ) | | 536 |
| R&D technology rights | 1,122 |
| | (704 | ) | | 418 |
| | 1,134 |
| | (635 | ) | | 499 |
| Total finite-lived intangible assets | 18,264 |
| | (8,744 | ) | | 9,520 |
| | 17,905 |
| | (7,279 | ) | | 10,626 |
| Indefinite-lived intangible assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | IPR&D | 759 |
| | — |
| | 759 |
| | 1,015 |
| | — |
| | 1,015 |
| Total identifiable intangible assets | $ | 19,023 |
| | $ | (8,744 | ) | | $ | 10,279 |
| | $ | 18,920 |
| | $ | (7,279 | ) | | $ | 11,641 |
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