Entity information:
18. Taxes

A reconciliation of income taxes at statutory rates with the reported taxes is as follows:

   
2016
    
2015
  
             
Loss for the year
  
$
(3,109,074
)
  
$
(2,466,497
)
                 
Expected income tax (recovery)
  
$
(886,000
)
  
$
(641,000
)
Change in statutory, foreign tax, foreign exchange rates and other
    
(87,000
)
    
(99,000
)
Permanent Difference
    
386,000
      
(199,000
)
Change in unrecognized deductible temporary differences
    
587,000
      
939,000
  
Total income tax expense (recovery)
  
$
-
    
$
-
  

The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2016 was $(4,829,000) and (December 31, 2015 – $(4,164,000) respectively. The change in the valuation allowance of $665,000 was due to changes in the increase in non-capital losses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2016.

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below:

   
2016
    
2015
  
Deferred Tax Assets (liabilities)
            
Property and equipment
    
-
      
1,000
  
Share issue costs
    
1,000
      
1,000
  
Non-capital losses available for future period
    
4,828,000
      
4,162,000
  
     
4,829,000
      
4,164,000
  
Valuation allowance
    
(4,829,000
)
    
(4,164,000
)
Net deferred tax assets
  
$
-
    
$
-
  

The significant components of the Company's temporary differences, unused tax credits and unused tax losses that have not been included on the balance sheet are as follows:

   
2016
  
Expiry Date
Range
  
2015
  
Expiry Date
Range
Temporary Differences
                   
Property and equipment
    
-
        
2,000
  
No expiry date
Share issue costs
    
2,000
  
2036 to 2038
    
4,000
  
2035 to 2038
Non-capital losses available for future period
    
14,567,000
  
2017 to 2036
    
12,424,000
  
2016 to 2035

Tax attributes are subject to review, and potential adjustment, by tax authorities.