| NOTE 14 | INCOME TAXES |
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed annually for differences between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities. Such deferred income tax asset and liability computations are based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to periods in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred income tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. Income tax expense is the tax payable or refundable for the period plus or minus the change during the period in deferred income tax assets and liabilities.
Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences in the recognition of revenues and expenses for financial and tax reporting purposes. At June 30, 2017 and 2016, deferred income tax assets, which are fully reserved, were comprised primarily of the net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $9,545,198 and $7,414,742, respectively.
The valuation allowance increased by $2,130,456 and $816,559 during the years ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, as a result of the increase in the net operating carryforwards.
For federal income tax purposes, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $23,862,995 as of June 30, 2017 that expire through 2037, $18,536,854 as of June 30, 2016 that expire through 2036. Additionally, the ultimate utilization of net operating losses may be limited by change of control provision under section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code.
Taxing jurisdictions related to income taxes are the Unites States Federal Government and the State of California. The provision for income taxes is as follows:
| Year Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Current tax benefit | ||||||||
| Federal | $ |
1,810,888 |
$ | 694,075 | ||||
| State |
319,568 |
122,484 | ||||||
|
2,130,456 |
816,559 | |||||||
| Deferred tax benefit | ||||||||
| Federal | - | - | ||||||
| State | - | - | ||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | (2,130,456 | ) | (816,559 | ) | ||||
| - | - | |||||||
| Total tax expense | $ | - | $ | - | ||||
Deferred taxes are a result of differences between income tax accounting and GAAP with respect to income and expenses. The following is a summary of the components of deferred taxes recognized in the financial statements as of June 30, 2017 and 2016:
| As of June 30, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Deferred tax assets | ||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforward | $ |
9,128,164 |
$ | 7,213,462 | ||||
| Stock-based compensation | 417,034 | 201,280 | ||||||
| - | - | |||||||
| Other | - | - | ||||||
| Total deferred tax assets |
9,545,198 |
7,414,742 | ||||||
| Valuation allowance | (9,545,198 | ) | (7,414,742 | ) | ||||
| Net deferred taxes | $ | - | $ | - | ||||
The valuation allowance was established because the Company had not reported earnings in order to support the recognition of the deferred tax asset. The Company has net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $23,862,995 for federal and $23,862,995 for state income tax purposes. Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, to the extent not used, will expire starting in 2037. Under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, section 382, substantial changes in the Company’s ownership may result in limitations on the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized in future years. As of June 30, 2017, approximately $23,862,995 of the net operating loss carryforwards are subject to IRS limitations. The Company is no longer subject to income tax examinations for federal income taxes before 2011 and for California before 2010.
The income tax provision differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 34% to pretax loss for the following periods, due to the following:
| Year Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Computed “expected” tax expense (benefit) | $ | (2,490,544 | ) | $ | (2,108,957 | ) | ||
| Change in income taxes from: | ||||||||
| Permanent differences | (1,638,900 | ) | (2,869,020 | ) | ||||
| Stock based compensation | 539,386 | 503,200 | ||||||
| Amortization of debt and warrant discounts | 1,370,640 | 399,337 | ||||||
| Fair value change of derivatives | (63,372 | ) | 67,092 | |||||
| Debt settlement | 48,000 | 32,330 | ||||||
| Revaluation of derivatives | 104,334 | 275,042 | ||||||
| Modification expenses | - | 2,865,234 | ||||||
| Cashless interest | - | 19,183 | ||||||
| Change in valuation allowance |
2,130,456 |
816,559 | ||||||
| $ | - | $ | - | |||||