9. INCOME TAXES
The provision for refundable Federal income tax consists of the following as of December 31:
| 2016 | 2015 | |||||||
| Federal income tax benefit calculated at statutory rate of 35% | $ | 425,000 | $ | 448,000 | ||||
| Less: Stock based compensation expense | (116,000 | ) | (171,000 | ) | ||||
| Change in valuation allowance | (309,000 | ) | (277,000 | ) | ||||
| Net income tax provision | $ | - | $ | - | ||||
The cumulative tax effect at the expected rate of 34% of significant items comprising our net deferred tax amount is as follows at December 31:
| 2016 | 2015 | |||||||
| Deferred tax asset attributable to: | ||||||||
| Net operating losses carried forward | $ | 4,562,000 | $ | 4,270,000 | ||||
| Less: Valuation allowance | (4,562,000 | ) | (4,270,000 | ) | ||||
| Net deferred tax asset | $ | - | $ | - | ||||
The Company established a full valuation allowance. The Company continually reviews the adequacy of the valuation allowance and recognizes a benefit from income taxes only when reassessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the benefits will be realized.
At December 31, 2016, the Company had an unused net operating loss carryover approximating $13,417,000 that is available to offset future taxable income, which expires beginning in 2028.