7. INCOME TAXES
The Company’s primary area of operations is Canada where the statutory Federal corporate income tax rate is 26% (2015 - 26%). The following table is a reconciliation between the effective tax rate from continuing operations and the Canadian statutory tax rate.
| 2016 | 2015 | |||||||
| Income tax expense at federal statutory rate | $ | (110,336 | ) | $ | (27,735 | ) | ||
| Permanent differences and other | (19,444 | ) | (76,853 | ) | ||||
| Change in valuation allowance | 106,240 | 104,588 | ||||||
| Income tax expense (recovery) | $ | - | $ | - | ||||
The nature and tax effect of the temporary differences giving rise to deferred income tax assets are summarized as follows:
| 2016 | 2015 | |||||||
| Deferred tax liability - fixed assets | $ | (24,301 | ) | $ | (18,900 | ) | ||
| Deferred tax asset - tax loss carry forwards | 115,489 | 71,413 | ||||||
| Deferred tax asset - R&D credit | - | 108,683 | ||||||
| Total deferred tax asset (liability) | 91,188 | 161,196 | ||||||
| Valuation allowance on deferred tax asset | (91,188 | ) | (161,196 | ) | ||||
| Net of deferred tax asset | $ | - | $ | - | ||||
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities reflect the Company’s net effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The Company anticipates an R&D tax credit of $NIL (2015 - $125,000), for its R&D expenditures during 2016.
The Company applies the provisions of the ASC 740 “Income Taxes”. ASC 740-10 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attributed for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company believes that its tax positions and deductions would be sustained on audit and does not anticipate any adjustments that would result in a material change to its consolidated financial position. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. No interest and penalties were incurred at December 31, 2016 and 2015.