(11) Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the years ended September 30 is as follows:
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Current | $ | 101,500 | $ | 10,000 | ||||
| Deferred | 598,547 | 1,066,466 | ||||||
| Total | $ | 700,047 | $ | 1,076,466 |
Actual income tax expense differs from the expected tax expense (computed by applying the federal corporate tax rate of 34% to income before income tax expense) as follows:
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Expected federal tax expense | $ | 952,229 | $ | 1,427,272 | ||||
| Regulatory adjustment | (346,183 | ) | (141,567 | ) | ||||
| Bargain purchase adjustment | — | (418,908 | ) | |||||
| Dividends received deduction | (10,517 | ) | (11,888 | ) | ||||
| State tax expense (net of federal) | 183,279 | 190,076 | ||||||
| Other, net | (78,761 | ) | 31,481 | |||||
| Actual tax expense | $ | 700,047 | $ | 1,076,466 |
The tax effects of temporary differences that result in deferred income tax assets and liabilities at September 30 are as follows:
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Deferred income tax assets: | ||||||||
| Unbilled revenue | $ | 93,141 | $ | 48,327 | ||||
| Deferred compensation reserve | 582,664 | 556,653 | ||||||
| Post-retirement benefit obligations | 2,799,467 | 2,678,585 | ||||||
| Inventories | 16,941 | 20,054 | ||||||
| NOL carryforwards | 3,220,127 | 2,852,220 | ||||||
| Other | 945,067 | 971,815 | ||||||
| Total deferred income tax assets | 7,657,407 | 7,127,654 | ||||||
| Deferred income tax liabilities: | ||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, principally due to differences in depreciation | 11,586,697 | 9,171,142 | ||||||
| Pension benefit obligations | 1,880,268 | 1,830,050 | ||||||
| Comprehensive income | 23,295 | 61,866 | ||||||
| Deferred rate expense and allocations | 179,607 | 379,879 | ||||||
| Deficiency of gas adjustment clause revenues billed | 467,944 | 138,153 | ||||||
| Intangibles | 124,141 | 124,141 | ||||||
| Other | 180,895 | 1,884,042 | ||||||
| Total deferred income tax liabilities | 14,442,847 | 13,589,273 | ||||||
| Net deferred income tax (assets) liabilities | $ | 6,785,440 | $ | 6,461,619 |
The Holding Company has federal and New York State tax net operating loss carry forwards available of approximately $7.5 million for federal and $6.6 million for state as of September 30, 2017 that begin to expire at the end of the Holding Company’s fiscal 2025 tax year.
The accounting rules for uncertain taxes provide for the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recognized in the financial statements. The Holding Company has evaluated its tax positions and accordingly has not identified any significant uncertain tax positions. The Holding Company’s policy is to classify interest associated with uncertain tax positions as interest expense in the financial statements. Penalties are classified under other expense. The Holding Company files a consolidated federal income tax return and the Gas Company and Pike file separate state income tax returns in New York and Pennsylvania.