The provision for income tax expense (benefit) is comprised of the following:

The following table reconciles the income tax benefit at the U.S. Federal statutory rate to income tax benefit at the Company's effective tax rates.

Deferred taxes reflect the tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax assets (liabilities) at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are comprised of the following:

The Company has non-operating loss carryforwards of approximately $3,075,838 (2015 - $3,959,018) which may be carried forward to apply against future year income tax for Canadian income tax purposes, subject to the final determination by taxation authorities, expiring in the following years:

As at December 31, 2016, the Company has no net operating losses carryforward available for US tax purposes.

Accounting for Uncertainty for Income Tax

Effective January 1, 2009, the Company adopted the interpretation for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes which was an interpretation of the accounting standard accounting for income taxes. This interpretation created a single model to address accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. This interpretation clarifies the accounting for income taxes, by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements.

                As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s consolidated balance sheets did not reflect a liability for uncertain tax positions, nor any accrued penalties or interest associated with income tax uncertainties. The Company has no income tax examinations in progress.