Note 6. Property, plant and equipment
Accounting policy
Property, plant and equipment are recognized at acquisition cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment losses. Acquisition costs include expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset and costs to ready it for use.
Depreciation is expensed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. If components of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for separately.
The estimated useful lives are as follows:
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• Buildings and other outside improvements |
10-20 years |
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• Leasehold improvements |
5-10 years |
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• Office furniture |
10 years |
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• Laboratory equipment |
3-10 years |
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• Office equipment |
5 years |
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• IT equipment |
3 years |
Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted, if appropriate.
Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plants and equipment is determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of the item. The net amount is recognized in the statement of consolidated operations under the line item “Other operating income and expenses.”
Payments made under operating leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Lease incentives received are recognized as an integral part of the total lease expense, over the term of the lease.
If, according to the terms of a lease, it appears that substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership are transferred from the lessor to the lessee, the associated leased assets are initially recognized as an asset at the lower of their fair value and the present value of the minimum lease payments and subsequently depreciated or impaired, as necessary. The associated financial obligations are reported in the line item “non-current financial debt” and “current financial debt.”
Details of property, plant and equipment
| Lands and Buildings |
Technical equipment |
Fixtures, fittings and other equipment |
Assets under construction |
Total | ||||||||||||||||
| $ in thousands | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Net book value as of January 1, 2015 |
1,416 | 1,703 | 50 | — | 3,169 | |||||||||||||||
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Additions to tangible assets |
1,477 | 2,488 | 331 | 186 | 4,481 | |||||||||||||||
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Disposal of tangible assets |
— | 118 | — | — | 118 | |||||||||||||||
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Depreciation expense |
(681 | ) | (1,023 | ) | (58 | ) | — | (1,761 | ) | |||||||||||
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Reclassification |
— | (19 | ) | 20 | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||
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Translation adjustments |
(139 | ) | (370 | ) | (3 | ) | (4 | ) | (517 | ) | ||||||||||
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Net book value as of December 31, 2015 |
2,072 | 2,897 | 340 | 182 | 5,490 | |||||||||||||||
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Gross value at end of period |
4,065 | 11,686 | 836 | 182 | 16,769 | |||||||||||||||
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Accumulated depreciation and impairment at end of period |
(1,993 | ) | (8,790 | ) | (496 | ) | — | (11,280 | ) | |||||||||||
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Net book value as of January 1, 2016 |
2,072 | 2,897 | 340 | 182 | 5,490 | |||||||||||||||
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Additions to tangible assets |
11,164 | 1,076 | 562 | 902 | 13,704 | |||||||||||||||
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Disposal of tangible assets |
— | (3 | ) | (1 | ) | (183 | ) | (186 | ) | |||||||||||
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Depreciation expense |
(741 | ) | (1,077 | ) | (167 | ) | — | (1,986 | ) | |||||||||||
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Reclassification |
— | 3 | (3 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
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Translation adjustments |
(59 | ) | (38 | ) | (23 | ) | (4 | ) | (122 | ) | ||||||||||
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Net book value as of December 31, 2016 |
12,436 | 2,858 | 707 | 898 | 16,900 | |||||||||||||||
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Gross value at end of period |
15,085 | 10,634 | 1,104 | 898 | 27,721 | |||||||||||||||
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Accumulated depreciation and impairment at end of period |
(2,649 | ) | (7,775 | ) | (397 | ) | — | (10,821 | ) | |||||||||||
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Net book value as of January 1, 2017 |
12,436 | 2,858 | 707 | 898 | 16,900 | |||||||||||||||
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Additions to tangible assets |
718 | 701 | 203 | 878 | 2,501 | |||||||||||||||
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Disposal of tangible assets |
(9,243 | ) | (103 | ) | 2 | (109 | ) | (9,453 | ) | |||||||||||
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Reclassification |
14 | 47 | 18 | (79 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||
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Depreciation expense |
(972 | ) | (1,126 | ) | (245 | ) | (798 | ) | (3,140 | ) | ||||||||||
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Translation adjustments |
206 | 127 | 68 | 18 | 418 | |||||||||||||||
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Net book value as of December 31, 2017 |
3,159 | 2,505 | 753 | 809 | 7,226 | |||||||||||||||
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Gross value at end of period |
6,936 | 12,114 | 1,447 | 1,606 | 22,103 | |||||||||||||||
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Accumulated depreciation and impairment at end of period |
(3,777 | ) | (9,609 | ) | (693 | ) | (798 | ) | (14,877 | ) | ||||||||||
No assets have been pledged as security for financial liabilities. There is no restriction on title of property, plant and equipment, except for assets recognized under finance lease agreements.
In 2017, Calyxt entered into a transaction whereby it sold a certain land and building (with a total net book value of $9.2 million), which was considered a sale under applicable accounting guidance and then entered into an operating lease for this property. Assets under construction primarily relates to Calyxt’s additional building for $0.5 million and the rest relates to Therapeutics activity. We also continue our investments in research and development equipment in both the United States of America and France. The addition in tangible assets reflects improvements of Calyxt and Cellectis sites for $0.7 million and other equipment for $0.7 million.
Details of finance lease
| As of December 31, | ||||||||
| 2016 | 2017 | |||||||
| $ in thousands | ||||||||
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Gross value |
4,171 | 4,448 | ||||||
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Accumulated depreciation |
(3,946 | ) | (4,366 | ) | ||||
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Net |
225 | 82 | ||||||
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The finance leases relate mainly to laboratory equipment and IT equipment.