| D | | Foreign currency translation |
| ( 1 ) | | Functional and presentation currency |
IAS
21
(revised) “The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates” defines the functional currency as the currency of the primary economic environment in which an entity operates.
The functional and presentation currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The U.S. dollar is the currency that best reflects the economic substance of the underlying events and circumstances relevant to Tenaris’s global operations.
Except for the Brazilian and Italian subsidiaries whose functional currencies are their local currencies, Tenaris determined that the functional currency of its other subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar, based on the following principal considerations:
| § | Sales are mainly negotiated, denominated and settled in U.S. dollars. If priced in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, the sales price may consider exposure to fluctuation in the exchange rate versus the U.S. dollar; |
| § | Prices of their critical raw materials and inputs are priced and settled in U.S. dollars; |
| § | Transaction and operational environment and the cash flow of these operations have the U.S. dollar as reference currency; |
| § | Significant level of integration of the local operations within Tenaris’s international global distribution network; |
| § | Net financial assets and liabilities are mainly received and maintained in U.S. dollars; |
| § | The exchange rate of certain legal currencies has long-been affected by recurring and severe economic crises. |
| ( 2 ) | | Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency |
Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transactions or valuation where items are re-measured.
At the end of each reporting period: (i) monetary items denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated using the closing rates; (ii) non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a currency other than the functional currency are translated using the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transactions; and (iii) non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a currency other than the functional currency are translated using the exchange rates prevailing at the date when the fair value was determined.
Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at year-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded as gains and losses from foreign exchange and included in
“Other financial results”
in the Consolidated Income Statement, except when deferred in equity as qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying net investment hedges.
| ( 3 ) | | Translation of financial information in currencies other than the functional currency |
Results of operations for subsidiaries whose functional currencies are
not
the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates for each quarter of the year. Financial statement positions are translated at the year-end exchange rates. Translation differences are recognized in a separate component of equity as currency translation adjustments. In the case of a sale or other disposal of any of such subsidiaries, any accumulated translation difference would be recognized in income as a gain or loss from the sale.
Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition of a foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the closing rate.
