The principal transactions and balances with related parties are summarized below:
| (€ million) | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Sales(a) | 33 | 39 | 218 | |||||||||
| Royalties and other income(a) | 100 | 156 | 91 | |||||||||
| Accounts receivable and other receivables | 85 | 101 | 81 | |||||||||
| Purchases and other expenses (including research expenses)(a) | 777 | 708 | 762 | |||||||||
| Accounts payable | 197 | 161 | 196 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | 20 | 65 | 10 | |||||||||
| (a) |
For the year ended December 31, 2016, these items include transactions between Sanofi and SPMSD during the period from January 1, 2016 through March 8, 2016 (the date of the announcement that the joint venture was to be dissolved; see Notes B.1. and D.2.3.). |