| 10. | Share capital |
| a. | Common shares |
| b. | Stock options |
| | | Number outstanding | | Weighted average exercise price | | ||
| | | | | $ | | ||
| January 1, 2016 | | | 6,589,834 | | | 0.72 | |
| Exercised | | | (152,000) | | | 0.26 | |
| Forfeited | | | (72,000) | | | 0.47 | |
| Expired | | | (1,122,500) | | | 2.17 | |
| Balance, December 31, 2016 | | | 5,243,334 | | | 0.43 | |
| Granted | | | 2,400,000 | | | 0.23 | |
| Forfeited | | | (10,000) | | | 0.26 | |
| Expired | | | (2,255,000) | | | 0.57 | |
| Balance, December 31, 2017 | | | 5,378,334 | | | 0.28 | |
| Options outstanding | | Options exercisable | | |||||||||||||
| Range of exercise prices | | Number outstanding | | Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) | | Weighted average exercise price | | Number exercisable | | Weighted average exercise price | | |||||
| $ | | | | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | | ||
| 0.18 0.24 | | | 3,403,334 | | | 3.76 | | | 0.23 | | | 1,669,996 | | | 0.24 | |
| 0.25 0.42 | | | 885,000 | | | 1.05 | | | 0.26 | | | 885,000 | | | 0.26 | |
| 0.43 0.46 | | | 1,090,000 | | | 0.04 | | | 0.46 | | | 1,090,000 | | | 0.46 | |
| | | | 5,378,334 | | | 2.56 | | | 0.31 | | | 3,664,996 | | | 0.34 | |
| | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | |||
| Risk-free interest rate | | | 0.78% - 1.74 | % | | - | | | 0.78% - 1.68 | % |
| Dividend yield | | | 0 | % | | - | | | 0 | % |
| Volatility | | | 97 | % | | - | | | 86 | % |
| Forfeiture rate | | | 21 | % | | - | | | 23 | % |
| Estimated expected lives | | | 5 years | | | - | | | 5 years | |