| UNITED STATES DOLLAR | ||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| 25.1 |
Environmental rehabilitation costs |
281.5 | 283.1 | |||||||
| 25.2 |
South Deep dividend |
6.4 | 6.4 | |||||||
| 25.3 |
Silicosis settlement costs |
31.9 | — | |||||||
| 25.4 |
Other |
1.5 | 2.2 | |||||||
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|
|
|
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|
Total provisions |
321.3 | 291.7 | ||||||||
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| 25.1 |
Environmental rehabilitation costs |
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|
Balance at beginning of the year |
283.1 | 275.4 | ||||||||
|
Changes in estimates - continuing operations1 |
(5.4 | ) | 4.9 | |||||||
|
Changes in estimates - discontinued operations1 |
— | 0.1 | ||||||||
|
Interest expense - continuing operations |
12.1 | 10.7 | ||||||||
|
Interest expense - discontinued operations |
0.2 | 0.2 | ||||||||
|
Payments |
(8.1 | ) | (7.4 | ) | ||||||
|
Disposal of subsidiary |
(12.9 | ) | — | |||||||
|
Translation adjustment |
12.5 | (0.8 | ) | |||||||
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Balance at end of the year2 |
281.5 | 283.1 | ||||||||
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| The provision is calculated using the following gross closure cost estimates: | ||||||||||
|
South Africa |
41.8 | 37.1 | ||||||||
|
Ghana |
98.1 | 105.3 | ||||||||
|
Australia |
179.2 | 181.8 | ||||||||
|
Peru |
61.9 | 56.6 | ||||||||
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Total gross closure cost estimates |
381.0 | 380.8 | ||||||||
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| 1 |
Changes in estimates are defined as changes in reserves and corresponding changes in life-of-mine as well as changes in laws and regulations governing environmental matters, closure cost estimates and discount rates.
|
| 2 | South African, Ghanaian, Australian and Peruvian mining companies are required by law to undertake rehabilitation as part of their ongoing operations. These environmental rehabilitation costs are funded as follows: |
- Ghana - reclamation bonds underwritten by banks and restricted cash (refer note 18);
- South Africa - contributions into environmental trust funds (refer note 18) and guarantees;
- Australia - mine rehabilitation fund levy; and
- Peru - bank guarantees.