| 2017 | 2016* | 2015* | ||||||||||
| Profit/(loss) before tax from continuing operations | $ | (2,758,561 | ) | $ | (427,636 | ) | $ | (5,969,746 | ) | |||
| Income tax expense/(benefit) calculated at 27.9%, 31.4% and 31.4% for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively | $ | (769,639 | ) | $ | (134,278 | ) | $ | (1,874,501 | ) | |||
| Effect of (income)/expenses that are exempt from taxation | – | 9,795 | 965,868 | |||||||||
| Effect of expenses that are not deductible in determining taxable profit | 235,350 | 180,042 | 460,519 | |||||||||
| Effect of unused tax losses and tax offsets not recognized as deferred tax assets | 746,964 | 136,125 | 836,295 | |||||||||
| Effect of previously unrecognized and unused tax losses and deductible temporary differences now recognized as deferred tax assets | (28,760 | ) | (34,200 | ) | (34,904 | ) | ||||||
| Effect of new tax rule in fiscal unit ** | 6,614 | (48,284 | ) | (148,834 | ) | |||||||
| Effect of prior year taxes | (14,227 | ) | 6,663 | (12,664 | ) | |||||||
| Effect of future change of fiscal aliquota*** on deferred taxes (previous years) | – | (261,115 | ) | – | ||||||||
| Effect of future change of fiscal aliquota on deferred taxes (generated in 2016) | – | 18,258 | – | |||||||||
| Others | (1,796) | 39,054 | (47,886 | ) | ||||||||
| Income tax expense/(benefit) recognized in profit or loss relating to continuing operations (current & deferred) | $ | 174,506 | $ | (87,939 | ) | $ | 143,893 | |||||