Research and development
Expenditures for research and development activities are represented by external costs, labor costs of dedicated staff and depreciation and amortization. Details are as follows:
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
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Research and development costs expensed during the year |
43 | 44 | 52 | |||||||||
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Development costs capitalized |
1,949 | 1,704 | 1,668 | |||||||||
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Total research and development costs (expensed and capitalized) |
1,992 | 1,748 | 1,720 | |||||||||
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